{"id":39920,"date":"2021-08-10T07:07:59","date_gmt":"2021-08-10T07:07:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bengalnewstimes.com\/?p=39920"},"modified":"2021-08-10T07:07:59","modified_gmt":"2021-08-10T07:07:59","slug":"afghanistan-why-is-there-a-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bengalnewstimes.com\/?p=39920","title":{"rendered":"Afghanistan: Why is there a war?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<p>\n                               <span class=\"gel-body-copy\">From 9\/11&amp;comma; to intense fighting on the ground&amp;comma; and now full withdrawal of US-led forces&amp;comma; here\u2019s what happened.<\/span>\n                           <\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       9\/11<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>11 September 2001<\/time><\/p>\n<p>Al-Qaeda&amp;comma; led by Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan&amp;comma; carries out the largest terror attack ever conducted on US soil.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/16DE\/production\/_119145850_gettyimages_wtc.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubble\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubble<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Four commercial airliners are hijacked. Two are flown into the World Trade Centre in New York&amp;comma; which collapses. One hits the Pentagon building in Washington&amp;comma; and one crashes into a field in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3&amp;comma;000 people are killed.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       First air strikes<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>7 October 2001<\/time><\/p>\n<p>A US-led coalition bombs Taliban and al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan. Targets include Kabul&amp;comma; Kandahar and Jalalabad.<\/p>\n<p>The Taliban&amp;comma; who took power after a decade-long Soviet occupation was followed by civil war&amp;comma; refuse to hand over Bin Laden. Their air defences and small fleet of fighter aircraft are destroyed.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       <strong> <\/strong>Fall of Kabul<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>13 November 2001<\/time><\/p>\n<p>The Northern Alliance&amp;comma; a group of anti-Taliban rebels backed by coalition forces&amp;comma; enters Kabul as the Taliban flee the city.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/3DEE\/production\/_119145851_gettyimages_na.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>By the 13 November 2001&amp;comma; all Taliban have either fled or been neutralised. Other cities quickly fall.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       <strong> <\/strong>New constitution<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>26 January 2004<\/time><\/p>\n<p>After protracted negotiations at a \u201cloya jirga\u201d or grand assembly&amp;comma; the new Afghan constitution is signed into law. The constitution paves the way for presidential elections in October 2004.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Hamid Karzai becomes president<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>7 December 2004<\/time><\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/8C0E\/production\/_119145853_gettyimages_karzai.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hamid Karzai&amp;comma; the leader of the Popalzai Durrani tribe&amp;comma; becomes the first president under the new constitution. He serves two five-year terms as president.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       UK troops deployed to Helmand<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>May 2006<\/time><\/p>\n<p>British troops arrive in Helmand province&amp;comma; a Taliban stronghold in the south of the country.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/B31E\/production\/_119145854_gettyimages-154419188.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Their initial mission is to support reconstruction projects&amp;comma; but they are quickly drawn into combat operations. More than 450 British troops lose their lives in Afghanistan over the course of the conflict.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Obama\u2019s surge<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>17 February 2009<\/time><\/p>\n<p>US President Barack Obama approves a major increase in the number of troops sent to Afghanistan. At their peak&amp;comma; they number about 140&amp;comma;000.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/DA2E\/production\/_119145855_gettyimages_surge.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The so-called \u201csurge\u201d is modelled on US strategy in Iraq where US forces focussed on protecting the civilian population as well as killing insurgent fighters.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Osama Bin Laden killed<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>2 May 2011<\/time><\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/1013E\/production\/_119145856_obl_gettypng.png??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The leader of al-Qaeda is killed in an assault by US Navy Seals on a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan. Bin Laden\u2019s body is removed and buried at sea. The operation ends a 10-year hunt led by the CIA. \u00a0The confirmation that Bin Laden had been living on Pakistani soil fuels accusations in the US that Pakistan is an unreliable ally in the war on terror.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Death of Mullah Omar<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>23 April 2013<\/time><\/p>\n<p>The founder of the Taliban&amp;comma; Mullah Mohammed Omar&amp;comma; dies. His death is kept secret for more than two years.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/1284E\/production\/_119145857_omar_epa_2.png??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> EPA<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>According to Afghan intelligence&amp;comma; Mullah Omar dies of health problems at a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Pakistan denies that he was in the country.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Nato ends combat operations<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>28 December 2014<\/time><\/p>\n<p>At a ceremony in Kabul&amp;comma; Nato ends its combat operations in Afghanistan. With the surge now over&amp;comma; the US withdraws thousands of troops. \u00a0Most of those who remain focus on training and supporting the Afghan security forces.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Taliban resurgence<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>2015<\/time><\/p>\n<p>The Taliban launch a series of suicide attacks&amp;comma; car bombings and other assaults. The parliament building in Kabul&amp;comma; and the city of Kunduz are attacked. Islamic State militants begin operations in Afghanistan.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/10210\/production\/_119146066_gettyimages-flames.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"Kabul's international airport is struck on 10 August 2015\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> Kabul&#8217;s international airport is struck on 10 August 2015<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Death toll announcement<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>25 January 2019<\/time><\/p>\n<p>Afghan President Ashraf Ghani says more than 45&amp;comma;000 members of his country\u2019s security forces have been killed since he became leader in 2014. The figure is far higher than previously thought.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       US signs deal with Taliban<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>29 February 2020<\/time><\/p>\n<p>The US and the Taliban sign an \u201cagreement for bringing peace\u201d to Afghanistan&amp;comma; in Doha&amp;comma; Qatar. The US and Nato allies agree to withdraw all troops within 14 months if the militants uphold the deal.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"figure\"><picture><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"figure__img\" src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/DB00\/production\/_119146065_gettyimages_qatar.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\" alt=\"The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal\"\/><\/picture><figcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\"><span class=\"off-screen\">Image caption<\/span> The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal<br \/>\n                                                   <span class=\"figure__attribution\"><br \/>\n                                                       <span class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright by<\/span> Getty<br \/>\n                                                   <\/span><br \/>\n                                           <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n<h3 class=\"timeline__header\">\n                                       Date for final withdrawal<br \/>\n                                   <\/h3>\n<p class=\"timeline__date\">\n                                   <time>11 September 2021<\/time><\/p>\n<p>US forces are scheduled to withdraw from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021&amp;comma; exactly 20 years since 9\/11. There are strong indications that the withdrawal may be complete before the official deadline.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script nonce=\"O7XJbZL6IztFbr5Xew6Mvg9AEBhGgdgirRGXRAVmsd6lmsrjKL\">window.__INITIAL_DATA__={\"data\":{\"global-navigation?country=in&language=en-GB\":{\"name\":\"global-navigation\",\"props\":{\"country\":\"in\",\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"data\":{\"accessibilityLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Skip to content\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/#main-heading\"},{\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/accessibility\/\"}],\"signInLabel\":\"Sign in\",\"accountLabel\":\"Your account\",\"menuLabel\":\"Menu\",\"moreLabel\":\"More\",\"closeButtonLabel\":\"Close menu\",\"legalLinks\":[{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/usingthebbc\/terms\",\"label\":\"Terms of Use\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/aboutthebbc\",\"label\":\"About the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/usingthebbc\/privacy\",\"label\":\"Privacy Policy\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/usingthebbc\/cookies\",\"label\":\"Cookies\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/accessibility\",\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/iplayer\/guidance\",\"label\":\"Parental Guidance\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/contact\",\"label\":\"Contact the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bbcnewsletter\",\"label\":\"Get Personalised Newsletters\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/help-41670342\",\"label\":\"Why you can trust the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbcglobalnews.com\/home\/\",\"label\":\"Advertise with us\"},{\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/usingthebbc\/cookies\/how-does-the-bbc-use-cookies-for-advertising\/\",\"label\":\"AdChoices \/ Do Not Sell My Info\"}],\"disclaimer\":{\"text\":\"\u00a9 2021 BBC. 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road side bomb blast that killed six civilians on the outskirts of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, 21 July 2021.\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/branded_news\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg\",\"width\":976,\"height\":549},\"type\":\"STY\",\"options\":{\"isIgorSeoTagsEnabled\":false,\"includeComments\":false,\"allowRightHandSide\":true,\"isFactCheck\":false,\"allowDateStamp\":true,\"suitableForSyndication\":true,\"hasNewsTracker\":false,\"allowRelatedStoriesBox\":true,\"isKeyContent\":false,\"allowHeadline\":true,\"allowAdvertising\":true,\"hasContentWarning\":false,\"isBreakingNews\":false,\"allowPrintingSharingLinks\":true},\"languageCode\":\"en-gb\",\"assetUri\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-49192495\",\"description\":\"As foreign forces pull out after 20 years of war, what did it achieve and what happens next?\",\"lastUpdated\":1628580193079,\"firstPublished\":1567939114000,\"lastPublished\":1628579279000,\"analytics\":{\"page\":{\"name\":\"news.world.asia.story.49192495.page\",\"contentId\":\"urn:bbc:cps:d0ba9c72-d601-794a-95e0-88d4810d8086\",\"section\":\"world::asia\",\"producer\":\"NEWS\",\"additionalProperties\":{\"custom_var_1\":\"2019-09-08T10:38:34.000Z\",\"custom_var_2\":\"2021-08-10T07:07:59.000Z\"}}},\"site\":{\"name\":\"BBC News\",\"uri\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\"},\"section\":{\"name\":\"Asia\",\"uri\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world\/asia\"},\"timestampRelative\":\"24 minutes ago\",\"publishedDateTime\":\"2021-08-10T07:07:59.000Z\",\"translations\":{\"aroundTheBBC\":\"Around the BBC\",\"externalLinksWarningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"published\":\"Published\",\"relatedInternetLinks\":\"Related Internet Links\",\"seeAlsos\":\"More on this story\",\"socialEmbed\":{\"instagram\":{\"warningText\":null,\"linkText\":null},\"facebook\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original post on Facebook\"},\"twitter\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original tweet on Twitter\"},\"youtube\":{\"warningText\":\"Warning: Third party content may contain adverts\",\"linkText\":null}},\"tagList\":\"Related Topics\",\"updated\":\"Updated\"}},\"headline\":\"Afghanistan: Why is there a war?\",\"content\":{\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Fighting has been going on for 40 years - most Afghans can't remember a time of peace\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Afghan security officials inspect the scene of a road side bomb blast that killed six civilians on the outskirts of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, 21 July 2021.\",\"copyright\":\"EPA\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/10032\/production\/_119868556_c8b27c32-6b09-4658-9a23-54427d4157e0.jpg 976w\"},\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"After 20 years of war, foreign forces are pulling out of Afghanistan following a deal between the US and the Taliban militants they removed from power back in 2001.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"After 20 years of war, foreign forces are pulling out of Afghanistan following a deal between the US and the Taliban militants they removed from power back in 2001.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The conflict has killed tens of thousands of people and displaced millions.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The conflict has killed tens of thousands of people and displaced millions.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Taliban have pledged not to allow 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Afghan army soldiers, who are now being left to protect a fragile government.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Taliban also made a pledge for national peace talks, but many fear a worsening civil war remains a far more likely outcome.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Taliban also made a pledge for national peace talks, but many fear a worsening civil war remains a far more likely outcome.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nevertheless, Joe Biden, the fourth US president to oversee what has become America's longest-ever war - one costing hundreds of billions of dollars - has set a symbolic date of 11 September 2021 for full withdrawal.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nevertheless, Joe Biden, the fourth US president to oversee what has become America's longest-ever war - one costing hundreds of billions of dollars - has set a symbolic date of 11 September 2021 for full withdrawal.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"Why did the US fight a war in Afghanistan and why did it last so long?\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Back in 2001, the US was responding to the 9\/11 attacks on New York and Washington, in which nearly 3,000 people were killed. Officials identified Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, and its leader Osama Bin Laden, as responsible. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Back in 2001, the US was responding to \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the 9\/11 attacks on New York and Washington\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-57698668\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the 9\/11 attacks on New York and Washington\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", in which nearly 3,000 people were killed. Officials identified Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, and its leader Osama Bin Laden, as responsible. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bin Laden was in Afghanistan, under the protection of the Taliban, the Islamists who had been in power since 1996.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bin Laden was in Afghanistan, under the protection of the Taliban, the Islamists who had been in power since 1996.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When they refused to hand him over, the US intervened militarily, quickly removing the Taliban and vowing to support democracy and eliminate the terrorist threat.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When they refused to hand him over, the US intervened militarily, quickly removing the Taliban and vowing to support democracy and eliminate the terrorist threat.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Afghan conflict became America's longest war\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Army soldiers from the 2nd Platoon, B battery 2-8 field artillery - 2011\",\"copyright\":\"Reuters\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/52B7\/production\/_108157112_mediaitem108157111.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The militants slipped away and later regrouped.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The militants slipped away and later regrouped.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nato allies had joined the US and a new Afghan government took over in 2004 but deadly Taliban attacks continued. 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President Barack Obama's \"troop surge\" in 2009 helped push back the Taliban but it was not long term.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" In 2014, at the end of what was the bloodiest year since 2001, Nato's international forces ended their combat mission, leaving responsibility for security to the Afghan army.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" In 2014, at the end of what was the bloodiest year since 2001, Nato's international forces ended their combat mission, leaving responsibility for security to the Afghan army.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"That gave the Taliban momentum and they seized more territory. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"That gave the Taliban momentum and they seized more territory. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Peace talks between the US and the Taliban started tentatively, with the Afghan government pretty much uninvolved, and the agreement on a withdrawal came in February 2020 in Qatar.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Peace talks between the US and the Taliban started tentatively, with the Afghan government pretty much uninvolved, and the agreement on a withdrawal came in February 2020 in Qatar.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The US-Taliban deal did not stop the Taliban attacks - they switched their focus instead to Afghan security forces and civilians, and targeted assassinations. Their areas of control grew.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The US-Taliban deal did not stop the Taliban attacks - they switched their focus instead to Afghan security forces and civilians, and targeted assassinations. 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Two are flown into the World Trade Centre in New York&comma; which collapses. One hits the Pentagon building in Washington&comma; and one crashes into a field in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3&comma;000 people are killed.\",\"timeline__element_6-header\":\"First air strikes\",\"timeline__element_6-date\":\"7 October 2001\",\"text_7-value\":\"A US-led coalition bombs Taliban and al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan. Targets include Kabul&comma; Kandahar and Jalalabad.\",\"text_8-value\":\"The Taliban&comma; who took power after a decade-long Soviet occupation was followed by civil war&comma; refuse to hand over Bin Laden. Their air defences and small fleet of fighter aircraft are destroyed.\",\"timeline__element_9-header\":\"u003cstrong> u003c\/strong>Fall of Kabul\",\"timeline__element_9-date\":\"13 November 2001\",\"text_10-value\":\"The Northern Alliance&comma; a group of anti-Taliban rebels backed by coalition forces&comma; enters Kabul as the Taliban flee the city.\",\"figure_11-caption\":\"Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat\",\"figure_11-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_11-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/3DEE\/production\/_119145851_gettyimages_na.jpg\",\"text_12-value\":\"By the 13 November 2001&comma; all Taliban have either fled or been neutralised. Other cities quickly fall.\",\"timeline__element_13-header\":\"u003cstrong> u003c\/strong>New constitution\",\"timeline__element_13-date\":\"26 January 2004\",\"text_14-value\":\"After protracted negotiations at a &ldquo;loya jirga&rdquo; or grand assembly&comma; the new Afghan constitution is signed into law. The constitution paves the way for presidential elections in October 2004.\",\"timeline__element_15-header\":\"Hamid Karzai becomes president\",\"timeline__element_15-date\":\"7 December 2004\",\"figure_16-caption\":\"Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president\",\"figure_16-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_16-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/8C0E\/production\/_119145853_gettyimages_karzai.jpg\",\"text_17-value\":\"Hamid Karzai&comma; the leader of the Popalzai Durrani tribe&comma; becomes the first president under the new constitution. He serves two five-year terms as president.\",\"timeline__element_18-header\":\"UK troops deployed to Helmand\",\"timeline__element_18-date\":\"May 2006\",\"text_19-value\":\"British troops arrive in Helmand province&comma; a Taliban stronghold in the south of the country.\",\"figure_20-caption\":\"Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand\",\"figure_20-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_20-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/B31E\/production\/_119145854_gettyimages-154419188.jpg\",\"text_21-value\":\"Their initial mission is to support reconstruction projects&comma; but they are quickly drawn into combat operations. More than 450 British troops lose their lives in Afghanistan over the course of the conflict.\",\"timeline__element_22-header\":\"Obama\u2019s surge\",\"timeline__element_22-date\":\"17 February 2009\",\"text_23-value\":\"US President Barack Obama approves a major increase in the number of troops sent to Afghanistan. At their peak&comma; they number about 140&comma;000.\",\"figure_24-caption\":\"US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country\",\"figure_24-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_24-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/DA2E\/production\/_119145855_gettyimages_surge.jpg\",\"text_25-value\":\"The so-called &ldquo;surge&rdquo; is modelled on US strategy in Iraq where US forces focussed on protecting the civilian population as well as killing insurgent fighters.\",\"timeline__element_26-header\":\"Osama Bin Laden killed\",\"timeline__element_26-date\":\"2 May 2011\",\"figure_27-caption\":\"Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy\",\"figure_27-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_27-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/1013E\/production\/_119145856_obl_gettypng.png\",\"text_28-value\":\"The leader of al-Qaeda is killed in an assault by US Navy Seals on a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan. Bin Laden\u2019s body is removed and buried at sea. The operation ends a 10-year hunt led by the CIA. \u00a0The confirmation that Bin Laden had been living on Pakistani soil fuels accusations in the US that Pakistan is an unreliable ally in the war on terror.\",\"timeline__element_29-header\":\"Death of Mullah Omar\",\"timeline__element_29-date\":\"23 April 2013\",\"text_30-value\":\"The founder of the Taliban&comma; Mullah Mohammed Omar&comma; dies. His death is kept secret for more than two years.\",\"figure_31-caption\":\"The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s\",\"figure_31-attribution\":\"EPA\",\"figure_31-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/1284E\/production\/_119145857_omar_epa_2.png\",\"text_32-value\":\"According to Afghan intelligence&comma; Mullah Omar dies of health problems at a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Pakistan denies that he was in the country.\",\"timeline__element_33-header\":\"Nato ends combat operations\",\"timeline__element_33-date\":\"28 December 2014\",\"text_34-value\":\"At a ceremony in Kabul&comma; Nato ends its combat operations in Afghanistan. With the surge now over&comma; the US withdraws thousands of troops. \u00a0Most of those who remain focus on training and supporting the Afghan security forces.\",\"timeline__element_35-header\":\"Taliban resurgence\",\"timeline__element_35-date\":\"2015\",\"text_36-value\":\"The Taliban launch a series of suicide attacks&comma; car bombings and other assaults. The parliament building in Kabul&comma; and the city of Kunduz are attacked. Islamic State militants begin operations in Afghanistan.\",\"figure_37-caption\":\"Kabul's international airport is struck on 10 August 2015\",\"figure_37-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_37-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/10210\/production\/_119146066_gettyimages-flames.jpg\",\"timeline__element_38-header\":\"Death toll announcement\",\"timeline__element_38-date\":\"25 January 2019\",\"text_39-value\":\"Afghan President Ashraf Ghani says more than 45&comma;000 members of his country\u2019s security forces have been killed since he became leader in 2014. The figure is far higher than previously thought.\",\"timeline__element_40-header\":\"US signs deal with Taliban\",\"timeline__element_40-date\":\"29 February 2020\",\"text_41-value\":\"The US and the Taliban sign an &ldquo;agreement for bringing peace&rdquo; to Afghanistan&comma; in Doha&comma; Qatar. The US and Nato allies agree to withdraw all troops within 14 months if the militants uphold the deal.\",\"figure_42-caption\":\"The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal\",\"figure_42-attribution\":\"Getty\",\"figure_42-src\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/DB00\/production\/_119146065_gettyimages_qatar.jpg\",\"timeline__element_43-header\":\"Date for final withdrawal\",\"timeline__element_43-date\":\"11 September 2021\",\"text_44-value\":\"US forces are scheduled to withdraw from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021&comma; exactly 20 years since 9\/11. There are strong indications that the withdrawal may be complete before the official deadline.\"},\"outputs\":[{\"wrapper\":\"embed\"},{\"wrapper\":\"core\"},{\"wrapper\":\"envelope\"},{\"wrapper\":\"amp\"},{\"wrapper\":\"news-app\"},{\"wrapper\":\"syndication\",\"photoCaption\":\"\",\"photoURL\":\"\",\"hyperlinkCallToAction\":\"Click here to see the BBC interactive\"},{\"wrapper\":\"facebook\",\"height\":960,\"withMargins\":\"yes\"},{\"wrapper\":\"applenews\",\"photoCaption\":\"\",\"photoURL\":\"\",\"hyperlinkCallToAction\":\"Click or tap here to see interactive content\"}],\"autoFixLintingErrors\":false,\"polyfill\":false,\"dynamicImports\":false,\"reactProject\":false,\"failFast\":false,\"includePath\":{\"responsive\":true,\"newsapps\":true,\"app-image\":\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/640x360\",\"app-clickable\":true,\"amp-clickable\":true,\"amp-image-height\":360,\"amp-image-width\":640,\"amp-image\":\"https:\/\/placehold.it\/640x360\",\"app-image-alt-text\":\"Click or tap here to see interactive content\"},\"languages\":[\"english\"],\"destinationSection\":{\"english\":\"uk\"},\"uncompressedAppBudget\":\"(1024 * 1000) * 0.5\",\"meta\":{\"title\":{\"english\":\"\"},\"images\":[{\"thumbnail\":\"\"}],\"hasBeenDeployed\":false,\"publication_date\":null,\"publication_date_iso\":null,\"last_modified\":null,\"last_modified_iso\":null,\"data_last_modified\":null,\"data_last_modified_iso\":null,\"keywords\":[\"vj\",\"visual-journalism\",\"visualjournalism\",\"visual journalism\"],\"locations\":{\"regions\":[]}},\"defaultPort\":1031,\"usedPort\":1031,\"generateForMozart\":true,\"shadowDom\":true,\"projectNamespace\":\"vjeastasia-800-timeline_on_slack\",\"outputDir\":\"include\/vjeastasia\/800-timeline_on_slack\",\"optimiseImagesOnEveryBuild\":false,\"includes\":{\"app\":{\"uuid\":\"06c42180-dddb-4c6a-9ca2-d0deefca9b19\"},\"newsspec-0000\":{\"uuid\":\"b16b4d88-b0d8-4aa5-ac92-9c2d730edd95\"},\"newsspec-30782\":{\"uuid\":\"285de993-7daf-4d80-a1cf-2bb9f28413c2\"},\"newsspec-30898\":{\"uuid\":\"120736f9-979b-42c0-a900-beb6756120f4\"},\"newsspec-31035\":{\"uuid\":\"998f886d-ab9f-4540-b293-adce98076ae2\"},\"newsspec-31092\":{\"uuid\":\"aefffc36-e3d1-473d-b663-3e0cbd4c087b\"},\"newsspec-31238\":{\"uuid\":\"980efd2c-9de9-400e-afd5-0a74f0adf216\"},\"vjafwest-763\":{\"uuid\":\"91446109-c0f0-49dc-b4d8-3d5e95ec24ca\"},\"vjeastasia-820\":{\"uuid\":\"8ca2db8b-784a-4e7e-b46e-63eb38448fd0\"},\"vjeastasia-859\":{\"uuid\":\"b774cec1-d383-47e7-b991-e2489bdd3af7\"},\"vjeastasia-865\":{\"uuid\":\"68795187-4645-44d1-8b40-7fa4cb17a6b4\"},\"vjeastasia-867\":{\"uuid\":\"83d179b1-a8a2-4d15-9a96-232b8d4ef365\"},\"vjeastasia-881\":{\"uuid\":\"efed9c7c-1440-4c38-861e-d7687d171993\"},\"vjeastasia-907\":{\"uuid\":\"685e8a47-df22-4dc8-b00a-b11571e1a591\"},\"vjeurope-437\":{\"uuid\":\"9679d158-3c84-4ff4-b7ba-bfce093b8bc2\"},\"vjneareast-626\":{\"uuid\":\"e9e410a5-f31d-4515-9ced-edcfed96df46\"},\"vjneareast-630\":{\"uuid\":\"0efd315b-9310-47a1-8131-83715e984488\"},\"vjneareast-631\":{\"uuid\":\"d80c57b9-4b5c-46c7-a9e4-e1917bb6321c\"},\"vjneareast-635\":{\"uuid\":\"a1ab1176-46be-43e2-98bd-fb7d1080e486\"},\"vjsthasia-1146\":{\"uuid\":\"70e9d6ba-6640-44a6-8e1e-aaa89e926736\"},\"vjsthasia-1147\":{\"uuid\":\"27f8bb68-a642-49b5-ad93-0e4b32100a61\"},\"vjsthasia-1149\":{\"uuid\":\"00fed697-bb03-4c38-a5c5-1ebd57005366\"},\"vjeastasia-677\":{\"uuid\":\"89be3ab7-fb51-498b-87d0-e9a58153cb68\"},\"vjeurope-730\":{\"uuid\":\"9817bff5-982c-427f-8ab3-81783ada6eda\"}},\"pathToWrapperAssets\":\"https:\/\/news.files.bbci.co.uk\/include\/vjeastasia\/800-timeline_on_slack\/assets\/embed\",\"pathToInclude\":\"https:\/\/news.files.bbci.co.uk\/include\/vjeastasia\/800-timeline_on_slack\/english\/newsspec-31092\/embed\",\"pathToWrapperAssetsToInclude\":\"https:\/\/news.files.bbci.co.uk\/include\/vjeastasia\/800-timeline_on_slack\/english\/newsspec-31092\/embed\"};nu003c\/script>nu003clink rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/news.files.bbci.co.uk\/include\/vjeastasia\/800-timeline_on_slack\/assets\/embed\/css\/inline.css??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\">nu003cdiv id=\"responsive-embed-vjeastasia-800-timeline_on_slack-newsspec-31092\" class=\"bbc-news-vj-embed-wrapper\">n    u003cdiv id=\"responsive-embed-vjeastasia-800-timeline_on_slack-newsspec-31092-core-content\">n        u003cdiv class=\"gel-wrap\">n            u003cdiv class=\"gel-layout\">n                u003cdiv class=\"gel-layout__item gel-1\/1\">n                   n                   u003cdiv class=\"timeline__container  \">n                       u003ch2 class=\"timeline__main-header\">u003cstrong>Twenty years of conflict in Afghanistan \u2013 what happened when?u003c\/strong>u003c\/h2>n                           u003cp>n                               u003cspan class=\"gel-body-copy\">From 9\/11&comma; to intense fighting on the ground&comma; and now full withdrawal of US-led forces&comma; here\u2019s what happened.u003c\/span>n                           u003c\/p>n                       u003cdiv class=\"timeline__content\">n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline__sideline timeline__sideline--bg\">u003c\/div>n                                   n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       9\/11n                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>11 September 2001u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>Al-Qaeda&comma; led by Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan&comma; carries out the largest terror attack ever conducted on US soil.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/16DE\/production\/_119145850_gettyimages_wtc.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubble\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubblen                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>Four commercial airliners are hijacked. Two are flown into the World Trade Centre in New York&comma; which collapses. One hits the Pentagon building in Washington&comma; and one crashes into a field in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3&comma;000 people are killed.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       First air strikesn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>7 October 2001u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>A US-led coalition bombs Taliban and al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan. Targets include Kabul&comma; Kandahar and Jalalabad.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>The Taliban&comma; who took power after a decade-long Soviet occupation was followed by civil war&comma; refuse to hand over Bin Laden. Their air defences and small fleet of fighter aircraft are destroyed.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       u003cstrong> u003c\/strong>Fall of Kabuln                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>13 November 2001u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>The Northern Alliance&comma; a group of anti-Taliban rebels backed by coalition forces&comma; enters Kabul as the Taliban flee the city.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/3DEE\/production\/_119145851_gettyimages_na.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreatn                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>By the 13 November 2001&comma; all Taliban have either fled or been neutralised. Other cities quickly fall.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       u003cstrong> u003c\/strong>New constitutionn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>26 January 2004u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>After protracted negotiations at a &ldquo;loya jirga&rdquo; or grand assembly&comma; the new Afghan constitution is signed into law. The constitution paves the way for presidential elections in October 2004.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Hamid Karzai becomes presidentn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>7 December 2004u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/8C0E\/production\/_119145853_gettyimages_karzai.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming presidentn                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>Hamid Karzai&comma; the leader of the Popalzai Durrani tribe&comma; becomes the first president under the new constitution. He serves two five-year terms as president.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       UK troops deployed to Helmandn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>May 2006u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>British troops arrive in Helmand province&comma; a Taliban stronghold in the south of the country.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/B31E\/production\/_119145854_gettyimages-154419188.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmandn                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>Their initial mission is to support reconstruction projects&comma; but they are quickly drawn into combat operations. More than 450 British troops lose their lives in Afghanistan over the course of the conflict.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Obama\u2019s surgen                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>17 February 2009u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>US President Barack Obama approves a major increase in the number of troops sent to Afghanistan. At their peak&comma; they number about 140&comma;000.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/DA2E\/production\/_119145855_gettyimages_surge.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the countryn                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>The so-called &ldquo;surge&rdquo; is modelled on US strategy in Iraq where US forces focussed on protecting the civilian population as well as killing insurgent fighters.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Osama Bin Laden killedn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>2 May 2011u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/1013E\/production\/_119145856_obl_gettypng.png??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academyn                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>The leader of al-Qaeda is killed in an assault by US Navy Seals on a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan. Bin Laden\u2019s body is removed and buried at sea. The operation ends a 10-year hunt led by the CIA. \u00a0The confirmation that Bin Laden had been living on Pakistani soil fuels accusations in the US that Pakistan is an unreliable ally in the war on terror.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Death of Mullah Omarn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>23 April 2013u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>The founder of the Taliban&comma; Mullah Mohammed Omar&comma; dies. His death is kept secret for more than two years.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/1284E\/production\/_119145857_omar_epa_2.png??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980sn                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> EPAn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cp>According to Afghan intelligence&comma; Mullah Omar dies of health problems at a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Pakistan denies that he was in the country.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Nato ends combat operationsn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>28 December 2014u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>At a ceremony in Kabul&comma; Nato ends its combat operations in Afghanistan. With the surge now over&comma; the US withdraws thousands of troops. \u00a0Most of those who remain focus on training and supporting the Afghan security forces.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Taliban resurgencen                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>2015u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>The Taliban launch a series of suicide attacks&comma; car bombings and other assaults. The parliament building in Kabul&comma; and the city of Kunduz are attacked. Islamic State militants begin operations in Afghanistan.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/10210\/production\/_119146066_gettyimages-flames.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"Kabul's international airport is struck on 10 August 2015\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> Kabul's international airport is struck on 10 August 2015n                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Death toll announcementn                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>25 January 2019u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>Afghan President Ashraf Ghani says more than 45&comma;000 members of his country\u2019s security forces have been killed since he became leader in 2014. The figure is far higher than previously thought.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       US signs deal with Talibann                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>29 February 2020u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>The US and the Taliban sign an &ldquo;agreement for bringing peace&rdquo; to Afghanistan&comma; in Doha&comma; Qatar. The US and Nato allies agree to withdraw all troops within 14 months if the militants uphold the deal.u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       n                                   n                                       u003cfigure class=\"figure\">n                                           u003cpicture>n                                               u003cimg class=\"figure__img\"n                                                   src=\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/DB00\/production\/_119146065_gettyimages_qatar.jpg??v=1.0.202107270719.202107270720\"n                                                   alt=\"The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal\" \/>n                                           u003c\/picture>n                                           u003cfigcaption class=\"figure__figcaption gel-brevier\" >n                                                   u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image captionu003c\/span> The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawaln                                                   u003cspan class=\"figure__attribution\">n                                                       u003cspan class=\"off-screen\">Image copyright byu003c\/span> Gettyn                                                   u003c\/span>n                                           u003c\/figcaption>n                                       u003c\/figure>n                                           n                                       n                           u003c\/div>n                           n                           u003cdiv class=\"timeline\">n                               u003cdiv class=\"timeline__indicator\">n                               u003c\/div>n                                   u003ch3 class=\"timeline__header\">n                                       Date for final withdrawaln                                   u003c\/h3>n                               u003cp class=\"timeline__date\">n                                   u003ctime>11 September 2021u003c\/time>n                               u003c\/p>n                                           n                                       u003cp>US forces are scheduled to withdraw from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021&comma; exactly 20 years since 9\/11. 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2001-2021\"},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What has the conflict cost the US?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-47391821\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What has the conflict cost the US?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In numbers: Life in Afghanistan as US leaves\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-57767067\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In numbers: Life in Afghanistan as US leaves\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Who are the Taliban?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-south-asia-11451718\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Who are the 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The number of coalition casualties is much better recorded than Taliban and Afghan civilians.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In terms of lives lost, it is obviously not easy to say exactly. The number of coalition casualties is much better recorded than Taliban and Afghan civilians.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Research by Brown University estimates losses in the Afghan security forces at 69,000. It puts the number of civilians and militants killed at about 51,000 each.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Research by Brown University estimates losses in the Afghan security forces at 69,000. It puts the number of civilians and militants killed at about 51,000 each.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These boys in Kabul face an uncertain future, as they survey the scene of a bombing in July 2021\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Afghan people gather at the scene after a bomb explosion in Kabul, Afghanistan, 13 July 2021.\",\"copyright\":\"EPA\",\"height\":649,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/14E52\/production\/_119868558_ffa33276-3490-44b3-bdd7-62c2f9078e96.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More than 3,500 coalition soldiers have died since 2001 - about two-thirds of them Americans. More than 20,000 US soldiers have been injured.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More than 3,500 coalition soldiers have died since 2001 - about two-thirds of them Americans. More than 20,000 US soldiers have been injured.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"According to the UN, Afghanistan has the third-largest displaced population in the world. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"According to the UN, Afghanistan has the third-largest displaced population in the world. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since 2012, some five million people have fled and not been able to return home, either displaced within Afghanistan or taking refuge in neighbouring countries. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since 2012, some five million people have fled and not been able to return home, either displaced within Afghanistan or taking refuge in neighbouring countries. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brown University research also puts the US spending on the conflict - including military and reconstruction funds in both Afghanistan and Pakistan - at $978bn (\u00a3706bn) up to 2020.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brown University research also puts the US spending on the conflict - including military and reconstruction funds in both Afghanistan and Pakistan - at $978bn (\u00a3706bn) up to 2020.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Chart showing number of casualties as a result of Afghan conflict\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1398.1846635367763,\"width\":1024,\"src\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"What could happen next?\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The obvious question is, will the Taliban take over the country again?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The obvious question is, will the Taliban take over the country again?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"President Biden has expressed confidence that the militants will not topple the government in Kabul.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"President Biden has expressed confidence that the militants will not topple the government in Kabul.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But one US intelligence assessment in June concluded it could fall within six months of the military departure.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But one US intelligence assessment in June concluded it could fall within six months of the military departure.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By early August the Taliban were in control of about half the country, according to research by the BBC and others.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By early August the Taliban were in control of about half the country, according to research by the BBC and others.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Afghan government disputed some of the militants' territorial claims - fierce fighting was going on in a number of key cities, and several were in the hands of the militants.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Afghan government disputed some of the militants' territorial claims - fierce fighting was going on in a number of key cities, and several were in the hands of the militants.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The US says it will keep 650 to 1,000 troops to guard the US embassy, Kabul airport, and other key government installations. The Taliban have said any remaining troops could be targeted.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The US says it will keep 650 to 1,000 troops to guard the US embassy, Kabul airport, and other key government installations. The Taliban have said any remaining troops could be targeted.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Map showing who is in control across Afghanistan\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":2096,\"width\":2048,\"src\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/2048\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Presentational white space\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The other major fear is the country once again becoming a training ground for terrorism.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The other major fear is the country once again becoming a training ground for terrorism.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Taliban officials insist that they will fully adhere to the deal and prevent any group from using Afghan soil as a base for attacks against the US and its allies.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Taliban officials insist that they will fully adhere to the deal and prevent any group from using Afghan soil as a base for attacks against the US and its allies.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They say they aim only to implement an \"Islamic government\" and will not pose a threat to any other country.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They say they aim only to implement an \"Islamic government\" and will not pose a threat to any other country.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But many analysts say the Taliban and al-Qaeda are inseparable, with the latter's fighters heavily embedded and engaged in training activity.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But many analysts say the Taliban and al-Qaeda are inseparable, with the latter's fighters heavily embedded and engaged in training activity.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is important also to remember that the Taliban are not a centralised and unified force. Some leaders may want to keep the West muted by not stirring up trouble but hardliners may be reluctant to break links to al-Qaeda.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is important also to remember that the Taliban are not a centralised and unified force. Some leaders may want to keep the West muted by not stirring up trouble but hardliners may be reluctant to break links to al-Qaeda.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Just how powerful al-Qaeda is and whether it could now rebuild its global network is also unclear.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Just how powerful al-Qaeda is and whether it could now rebuild its global network is also unclear.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Then there is the regional branch of the Islamic State group - ISKP (Khorasan Province) - which the Taliban oppose.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Then there is the regional branch of the Islamic State group - ISKP (Khorasan Province) - which the Taliban oppose.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Like al-Qaeda, ISKP has been degraded by the US and Nato but could use the post-withdrawal period to regroup.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Like al-Qaeda, ISKP has been degraded by the US and Nato but could use the post-withdrawal period to regroup.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its fighter numbers could be only between a few hundred and 2,000 but it may try to gain footholds in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and parts of Tajikistan, which could be a serious regional concern. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its fighter numbers could be only between a few hundred and 2,000 but it may try to gain footholds in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and parts of Tajikistan, which could be a serious regional concern. 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More than 20,000 US soldiers have been injured.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"According to the UN, Afghanistan has the third-largest displaced population in the world. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"According to the UN, Afghanistan has the third-largest displaced population in the world. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since 2012, some five million people have fled and not been able to return home, either displaced within Afghanistan or taking refuge in neighbouring countries. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Since 2012, some five million people have fled and not been able to return home, either displaced within Afghanistan or taking refuge in neighbouring countries. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brown University research also puts the US spending on the conflict - including military and reconstruction funds in both Afghanistan and Pakistan - at $978bn (\u00a3706bn) up to 2020.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brown University research also puts the US spending on the conflict - including military and reconstruction funds in both Afghanistan and Pakistan - at $978bn (\u00a3706bn) up to 2020.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ComponentsImage\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png\",\"height\":1745,\"width\":1278,\"alt\":\"Chart showing number of casualties as a result of Afghan conflict\",\"loading\":\"lazy\"},\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chart showing number of casualties as a result of Afghan conflict\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1745,\"width\":1278,\"locator\":\"C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png\",\"originCode\":\"cpsprodpb\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"BBC\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/cpsprodpb\/C955\/production\/_119314515_afghanistan_deaths_dots_v3_2x640-nc.png\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"What could happen next?\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The obvious question is, will the Taliban take over the country again?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The obvious question is, will the Taliban take over the country again?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"President Biden has expressed confidence that the militants will not topple the government in Kabul.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"President Biden has expressed confidence that the militants will not topple the government in Kabul.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But one US intelligence assessment in June concluded it could fall within six months of the military departure.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But one US intelligence assessment in June concluded it could fall within six months of the military departure.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By early August the Taliban were in control of about half the country, according to research by the BBC and others.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By early August the Taliban were in control of about half the country, according to research by the BBC and others.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Afghan government disputed some of the militants' territorial claims - fierce fighting was going on in a number of key cities, and several were in the hands of the militants.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Afghan government disputed some of the militants' territorial claims - fierce fighting was going on in a number of key cities, and several were in the hands of the militants.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The US says it will keep 650 to 1,000 troops to guard the US embassy, Kabul airport, and other key government installations. The Taliban have said any remaining troops could be targeted.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The US says it will keep 650 to 1,000 troops to guard the US embassy, Kabul airport, and other key government installations. The Taliban have said any remaining troops could be targeted.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ComponentsImage\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png\",\"height\":2620,\"width\":2560,\"alt\":\"Map showing who is in control across Afghanistan\",\"loading\":\"lazy\"},\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Map showing who is in control across Afghanistan\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":2620,\"width\":2560,\"locator\":\"D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png\",\"originCode\":\"cpsprodpb\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"BBC\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/cpsprodpb\/D986\/production\/_119868655_afghanistan_control_map_8_v2_aug_x2_640-nc.png\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ComponentsImage\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\",\"height\":1,\"width\":624,\"alt\":\"Presentational white space\",\"loading\":\"lazy\"},\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Presentational white space\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1,\"width\":624,\"locator\":\"604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\",\"originCode\":\"cpsprodpb\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"BBC\",\"originalSrc\":\"https:\/\/c.files.bbci.co.uk\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/cpsprodpb\/604B\/production\/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The other major fear is the country once again becoming a training ground for terrorism.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The other major fear is the country once again becoming a training ground for terrorism.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Taliban officials insist that they will fully adhere to the deal and prevent any group from using Afghan soil as a base for attacks against the US and its allies.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Taliban officials insist that they will fully adhere to the deal and prevent any group from using Afghan soil as a base for attacks against the US and its allies.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They say they aim only to implement an \"Islamic government\" and will not pose a threat to any other country.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They say they aim only to implement an \"Islamic government\" and will not pose a threat to any other country.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But many analysts say the Taliban and al-Qaeda are inseparable, with the latter's fighters heavily embedded and engaged in training activity.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But many analysts say the Taliban and al-Qaeda are inseparable, with the latter's fighters heavily embedded and engaged in training activity.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is important also to remember that the Taliban are not a centralised and unified force. Some leaders may want to keep the West muted by not stirring up trouble but hardliners may be reluctant to break links to al-Qaeda.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is important also to remember that the Taliban are not a centralised and unified force. Some leaders may want to keep the West muted by not stirring up trouble but hardliners may be reluctant to break links to al-Qaeda.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Just how powerful al-Qaeda is and whether it could now rebuild its global network is also unclear.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Just how powerful al-Qaeda is and whether it could now rebuild its global network is also unclear.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Then there is the regional branch of the Islamic State group - ISKP (Khorasan Province) - which the Taliban oppose.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Then there is the regional branch of the Islamic State group - ISKP (Khorasan Province) - which the Taliban oppose.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Like al-Qaeda, ISKP has been degraded by the US and Nato but could use the post-withdrawal period to regroup.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Like al-Qaeda, ISKP has been degraded by the US and Nato but could use the post-withdrawal period to regroup.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its fighter numbers could be only between a few hundred and 2,000 but it may try to gain footholds in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and parts of Tajikistan, which could be a serious regional concern. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its fighter numbers could be only between a few hundred and 2,000 but it may try to gain footholds in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and parts of Tajikistan, which could be a serious regional concern. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"include\",\"model\":{\"href\":\"\/idt2\/acb5c004-49fa-4d0c-9e2f-1981a6baae27\/html\",\"html\":\"\",\"idt2\":{\"altText\":\"US troop levels in Afghanistan. 2002 - 2020. 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